Vol.1, No 3, 1996 pp. 27 - 35
UDC: 796.012.1
ANTHROPOLOGICAL BASIS OF SUCCESS IN SPORT
Dragoljub Petković
Faculty of Philosophy, Department for Physical Culture, Niš, Yugoslavia 
Abstract. In order to meet the needs of the research being done on the influence that the anthropological dimensions have upon the results achieved in the sports gymnastics the fundamental research was carried out during the work on the ph. dissertation (Todorovski, 1997) entitled "The Specification Equation of Success in the Sports Gymnastics".  The realization of the experimental program termed "the young hopes in gymnastics" involved the set of 71 tests in order to estimate: morphological (16), functional (5), motoric (18), cognitive (3), connate (14) and sociological domain (8) as well as 7 variables for assessment of the motion habits in the sports gymnastics (namely, only 5 variables with little girls). The sample consisted of 117 young athletes (60 boys and 57 girls) of eight years of age from 12 towns, namely, those who were participants in the competition system of the Gymnastic Association of Macedonia. It was used to determine individual (by applying the multi-variant canonical analysis - Can R %) and overall (by applying the factor analysis as a cumulative contribution (Cum %) of the extracted variant) contribution of the personality factor to success in the sports gymnastics. The above-mentioned contribution of the personality factor (DL) as an anthropological contribution represents the solution of the first unknown in the success specification equation. Thus the conditions are made to give an answer to the second part of the problem - namely, the contribution of the objective factors (0) to the success. The success in the sports gymnastics is represented as a theoretical, graphic and - for the first time - as a mathematical model. The canonical correlation analysis is applied to determine the contribution of the individually given anthropological dimensions so that it is found out that: - In the morphological domain an important influence has been spotted only among the boys, namely as one characteristic root amounting to 60% of the extracted variant (Can R%=60) at the level of significance of 95% (P=05). An important presence of 11 variables has been determined among the boys (body height, shoulder and pelvis width, circumference of upper arm and forearm, body mass and the wrinkled-skin forearm) while 6 variables have been determined among the girls (body height, arm and leg length, elbow diameter, circumference of forearm and upper arm), - Regarding functional abilities an important influence has been found out only among the girls with one characteristic root amounting to 34% of the extracted variant (Can R %=34) at the level of significance of 96% (P=.04). An important presence of two variables has been found out among the boys (heart beat frequency at rest and diastolic blood pressure) while three variables have been found out among the girls (heart beat frequency at rest, modified Harvard test and maximal oxygen consumption), - In the motoric domain an important influence has been found out only among the boys by one characteristic root amounting to 69% of the extracted variant (Can R%=69) at the level of significance of 100% (P=.00). What has been found out is the presence of 13 variables among the boys (coordination, segmentary speed, mobility of shoulders, hips and backbone, explosive strength of legs, running speed, strength of press of the left and the right hand, static stomach strength, repetitive strength of the legs and the stomach) as well as of 5 variables among the girls (coordination, agility, backbone's mobility, static strength of the arms and repetitive strength of the legs), - In the cognitive domain, an important influence has been found out only among the girls with one characteristic root amounting to 45% of the extracted variant (Can r%=45) at the level of significance of 100% (P=.00). An important presence is confirmed by all the three variables among the boys and girls (perceptive and symbolic reasoning and spatialization), - In the domain of connate dimensions an important influence has been found out only among the boys with one characteristic root amounting to 61% of the extracted variant (Can R%=61) at the level of significance of 99% (P=.01). An important presence has been found out of 6 variables among the boys (bravery, tension, affectomy, ego strength, carelessness and super ego) and of 5 variables among the girls (affectomy, bravery, tension, domination and radicalism-conservatism), and, - In the domain of the sociological personality dimensions no significant correlation has been found out either among the boys or girls. An important contribution has been given by 2 variables among the boys (father's activity in sports organizations and monthly wages) and by 4 variables among the girls (father's participation in sports organizations, mother's engagement in sports organizations, monthly wages, characteristics of the place that the mother comes from). By applying these results and especially those of the factor analysis (their cumulative contribution) in the success specification equation in the sports gymnastics the following indicators have been obtained: - Among the boys the contribution of the personality dimensions (DL) has been found out amounting to 43,34%, while of the objective factors (O) it amounts to 56,66%, and, - Among the girls the contribution of the personality dimensions (DL) has been found out amounting to 45,65%, while of the objective factors (O) it amounts to 54,35%. It can easily be seen that the percentage in defining success of the young athletes in both cases amounts to slightly more than 50% on the part of the objective factors. This further means that the success factors that are termed here as the objective factors must be worked upon more seriously; they refer to the conditions of work and competition, professional staff, material basis, referee staff, etc. By improving, that is, by bringing the above mentioned conditions to the highest possible level, it is possible to program with certainty the contribution of the personality dimensions to success in the sports gymnastics.
Key Words: anthropological status, anthropological dimensions, psychosomatic status, integral development, personality structure, success specification equation
ANTROPOLOŠKE OSNOVE USPEHA U SPORTU
Tokom izrade doktorske disertacije pod nazivom "Jednačina specifikacije uspeha u sportskoj gimnastici" (Todorovski, 1997) obavljeno je fundamentalno istraživanje sa ciljem ispitivanja uticaja antropoloških dimenzija na rezultate u sportu. Realizacija eksperimentalnog programa pod nazivom "mlade nade u gimnastici" bazirana je na bateriji od ukupno 71 testa za procenu: morfološkog (16), funkcionalnog (5), motoričkog (18), kognitivnog (3) konativnog (14) i sociološkog domena (8), kao i 7 varijabli za procenu navika u kretanju u sportskoj gimnastici (samo 5 varijabli kod grupe koje su činile male devojčice). Uzorak je činilo 117 mladih sportista - učesnika takmičarskog sistema Makedonskog gimnastičarskog udruženja - (60 dečaka i 57 devojčica) starosti 8 godina iz 12 različitih gradova. Na ovom uzorku utvrđivani su  individualni i opšti doprinosi faktora ličnosti na uspeh u sportskoj gimnastici (individualni primenom multivarijantne kanoničke analize - Can R% i opšti primenom faktorske analize kao kumulativnog doprinosa (Cum %) izdvojene varijable). Gore pomenuti doprinos faktora ličnosti (DL), kao jedan od antropoloških doprinosa, predstavlja rešenje prve nepoznate u jenačini specifikacije uspeha. Tako su stvoreni uslovi da se da odgovor na drugi deo problema - doprinos objektivnih faktora (0) na uspeh. Uspeh u sportskoj gimnastici je predstavljen u formi teoretskog, grafičkog i - po prvi put - matematičkog modela. Za utvrđivanje doprinosa pojedinačnih antropoloških dimenzija korišćena je kanonička korelaciona analiza na osnovu koje se došlo do sledećih zaključaka: - Važan uticaj u morfološkom domenu utvrđen je samo kod dečaka (Can R%=60) na nivou signifikantnosti od 95% (P=05). Kod dečaka je utvrđeno značajno prisustvo 11 varijabli (visina tela, širina ramena i karlice, obim nadlaktice i podlaktice), dok je kod devojčica utvrđeno 6 varijabli (visina tela, dužina ruku i nogu, dijametar lakta, obim podlaktice i nadlaktice), - U pogledu funkcionalnih sposobnosti utvrđen je značajan uticaj samo kod devojčica (Can R%=34) na nivou signifikantnosti od 96% (P=.04). Kod dečaka je utvrđeno značajno prisustvo dve varijable (frekvencija srčanog rada u mirovanju i dijastolni krvni pritisak), dok su kod devojčica utvrđene tri varijable (frekvencija srčanog rada u mirovanju, modifikovani Harvardov test i maksimalni utrošak kiseonika), - U motoričkom domenu utvrđen je značajan uticaj  samo kod dečaka (Can R%=69) na nivou signifikantnosti od 100% (P=.00). Utvrđeno je prisustvo 13 varijabli kod dečaka (koordinacija, segmentarna brzina, pokretljivost ramena, kukova i kičme, eksplozivna snaga nogu, brzina trčanja, snaga stiska leve i desne ruke, statička snaga trbuha, repetitivna snaga nogu i trbuha), kao i 5 varijabli kod devojčica (koordinacija, okretnost, pokretljivost kičmenog stuba, statička snaga ruku i repetitivna snaga nogu), - U kognitivnom domenu, značajan uticaj je utvrđen samo kod devojčica (Can R%=45) na nivou signifikantnosti od 100% (P=.00) I kod dečaka i kod devojčica potvrđeno je značajno prisustvo sve tri varijable (perceptivno i simboličko rasuđivanje i snalaženje u prostoru), - U domenu konativnih dimenzija utvrđen je značajan uticaj samo kod dečaka (Can R%=61) na nivou signifikantnosti od 99% (P=.01). Kod dečaka je utvrđeno značajno prisustvo 6 varijabli (hrabrost, napetost, osećajnost, snaga ega, neopreznost i super ego), kao i 5 varijabli kod devojčica (osećajnost, hrabrost, napetost, dominacija i radikalizam-konzervativizam), i - U domenu socioloških dimenzija ličnosti ni kod dečaka, ni kod devojčica nisu utvrđene signifikantne korelacije. Utvrđen je značajan doprinos dve varijable kod dečaka (aktivnost oca u sportskim organizacijama i mesečna plata) i četiri varijable kod devojčica (očevo učešće u sportskim organizacijama, sportska aktivnost majke, mesečna plata, karakteristike mesta iz koga potiče majka). Primenom ovih rezultata, a naročito rezultata faktorske analize (njihov kumulativni doprinos) na jednačinu specifikacije uspeha u sportskoj gimnastici dobijeni su sledeći pokazatelji: - Utvrđeno je da doprinos dimenzija ličnosti (DL) kod dečaka iznosi 43,34%, dok, kada su u pitanju objektivni faktori (O), taj postotak iznosi 56,66%, i - Kod devojčica doprinos dimenzija ličnosti (DL) iznosi 45,65%, a doprinos objektivnih faktora (O) 54,35%. Lako se uočava da je postotak koji utiče na uspeh mladih sportista u oba slučaja nešto malo iznad 50% kada se radi o objektivnim faktorima. To dalje znači da se na faktorima uspeha koji su ovde nazvani objektivnim faktorima mora  raditi ozbiljnije; to se odnosi na uslove rada i takmičenja, stručni tim, materijalnu osnovu, sudije, itd. Poboljšanjem, odnosno podizanjem gore navedenih uslova na najviši mogući nivo, otvara se mogućnost za uspešno programiranje doprinosa dimenzija ličnosti na uspeh u sportskoj gimnastici.
Ključne reči: antropološki status, antropološke dimenzije, psihosomatski status, integralni razvoj, struktura ličnosti, jednačina specifikacije uspeha.