Vol. 4, No 2, 2006 pp. 103 - 114
UDC 796-012.4
Scientific Paper
THE BIOMECHANICAL MODEL OF THE
SPRINT START AND BLOCK ACCELERATION
Milan Čoh, Katja Tomažin, Stanko Štuhec
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Sport, Ljubljana, Slovenia
E-mail: milan.coh@fsp.uni-lj.si
Abstract. The study analyzed and identified the major kinematic
parameters of the phases of the sprint start and block acceleration that
influence the results of sprint running. The biomechanical measurements
and kinematic analysis were performed on the best world's best sprinter
during his preparation for the European Athletics Championship in Goetebourg
in 2006. In this competition, Matić Osovnikar won the bronze medal in the
100-metre run and set the Slovenian national record with 10.14 s. The kinematic
parameters of the sprint start were established on the basis of a 2-D kinematic
analysis, using a high-speed camera with a frequency of 200 frames/sec.
The measurements of the block acceleration were made by means of the Opto
Track technology and an infra-red photo cell system. The athlete performed
five, 20m low-start sprints under constant and controlled measurement conditions.
The subject of the study was the set position from the point of view of
the height of the total body's centre of gravity (TBCG), the block time
at the front and rear blocks, block velocity, the block face angle, the
velocity of the TBCG in the first three meters and the kinematic parameters
of block acceleration in the first ten steps. The study showed the following
were the key performance factors in the two phases of sprint running: medium
start block distance, block velocity, low block face angles, first step
length, low vertical rise in the TBCG in the first three meters of block
acceleration, contact phase/flight phase index in the first ten steps and
the optimal ratio between the length and frequency of steps.
Key words: sprint start, block acceleration, technique,
kinematics, top sprinter
BIOMEHANIČKI MODEL SPRINTERSKOG STARTA
I
BLOK UBRZANJA
Ovo istraživanje analizira i indentifikuje glavne kinematičke parametre
faza sprinterskog starta i bloka ubrzanja koji utiču na rezultate u sprinterskom
trčanju. Biomehanička merenja i kinematička analiza su urađeni na najboljem
svetskom sprinteru tokom njegovih priprema za Evropsko atletsko prvenstvo
u Geteborgu 2006. godine. U ovom takmičenju Matic Osovnikar
je osvojio bronzanu medalju u trci na 100 metara i postavio slovenački
rekord od 10,14s. Kinematički parametri sprinterskog starta su ustanovljeni
putem 2-D kinematičke analize. Kinematički parametri sprinterskog starta
su upoređivani pomoću 2-D kinematičke analize i visokobrzinske kamere frekvencije
200 F/s. Merenja ubrzanja na blokovima su urađena pomoću opto Track tehnologije
i infracrvenim fotoćelijskim sistemom. Takmičar je izveo pet niskostartnih
sprinteva na 20 metara u konstantnim i kontrolisanim uslovima merenja.
Cilj istraživanja je startna pozicija uzimajući u obzir visinu celog tela
u središtu gravitacije (TBCG), vreme na prednjem i zadnjem bloku,
brzinu na bloku, ugao na bloku, brzinu TBCG u prva tri metra na bloku,
indeks faze kontakta/trčanja u prvih deset koraka i optimalni odnos dužine
i frekvencije koraka.
Ključne reči: sprinterski start, ubrzanje na bloku, tehnika,
kinematika, vrhunski sprinter
